Types of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Motivations

For those in business wanting to gain a greater understanding of cybersecurity terms and methods, it can be confusing with so many different names and concepts in circulation. The word “hacker” is often used as a catch-all, but in reality, there are many different types of cyber threat actors, each driven by different motivations. Understanding who these actors are and how they operate is critical for businesses looking to prevent cyber attacks before they take hold.

What are cyber threat actors or bad actors?

Cyber threat actors, often referred to as bad actors, are individuals, groups, or nation-states that aim to gain illegal access to private data, applications, devices, and networks through malicious activity. These actors can range from amateur individuals seeking a thrill, through to highly sophisticated, state-sponsored groups intent on espionage and large-scale disruption. Each type of threat actor brings different levels of experience, resources, and intent.

For organisations looking to better understand their exposure and improve resilience, gaining visibility into these risks is often the first step. A structured review, such as a free cyber security consultation, can help clarify where your greatest vulnerabilities sit and how they may be exploited.

Types of cyber threat actors

State-Sponsored Actors

State-sponsored actors are typically responsible for the most sophisticated and targeted cyber attacks. These groups have access to dedicated tools, advanced software, and significant funding. Often employed specifically to conduct cyber operations, they have the time and resources to research their targets thoroughly and execute complex attacks.

These actors are commonly funded by governments to spy on foreign agencies, steal sensitive data, or obtain valuable intellectual property. Their attacks are usually aimed at large organisations or government bodies, with the goal of gaining strategic insights that benefit their nation.

Cybercriminals

Cybercriminals use tactics such as ransomware, phishing attacks, and malicious software to steal sensitive information, including financial records, personal credentials, and banking details. Their primary motivation is financial gain. Stolen business data is frequently sold on the dark web or passed to third parties.

These attackers often have a solid level of technical knowledge and can cause significant operational and financial damage. Organisations with weak controls around risk, governance, and assurance are particularly attractive targets. Strengthening cyber risk and assurance processes can help reduce exposure to these types of financially motivated attacks.

Script Kiddies

Script kiddies are individuals who are new to hacking and still learning the basics. They typically rely on pre-built tools and scripts rather than developing their own techniques. While less skilled, they can still pose a threat by making repeated attack attempts across multiple systems.

These actors are usually motivated by curiosity, challenge, or the thrill of breaking into systems illegally. Their persistence can make them surprisingly dangerous, especially when basic security controls are missing.

Hacktivists

Hacktivists are motivated by using their findings ‘for good’. Their aim is to hack into government agencies or businesses and expose or draw public awareness to things they believe the organisation is doing wrong or covering up. Well known hacktivist groups like WikiLeaks will leak classified documents, private company information, sensitive data, and government information. Their motivation is ideological and to expose ‘the truth’, secrets or awareness to the public.

Insider Actors

Insider actors are current or former employees, contractors, or third parties who have authorised access to internal systems. This access makes it easier for them to locate sensitive data or introduce malware into networks and applications.

Their motivations are often linked to dissatisfaction, revenge, or financial gain. Limiting access to critical systems and applying strong governance around permissions can significantly reduce the risk posed by insider threats.

Cyber Terrorists

Cyber terrorists aim to cause disruption, damage, and fear. These attacks are becoming more common and often focus on interrupting business operations or critical services. Their motivations may include promoting a cause, recruitment, propaganda, financial gain, or political objectives.

These attacks are designed to create chaos and can have wide-reaching consequences for organisations that are unprepared.

What can your company do?

Understanding the different types of cyber threat actors and their motivations can help organisations identify incidents more quickly and respond more effectively. By knowing who is most likely to target your business, you can better anticipate what information they may be seeking and identify weaknesses in those areas.

Encrypting company data is essential. Even if a threat actor gains access, encrypted data is far less useful. Protecting data in transit is equally important, particularly with the rise of remote and hybrid working. Using technologies such as virtual private networks can help secure communications and reduce exposure.

Limiting access to sensitive information is another critical control. Employees should only have access to the data they need to perform their role. Fewer privileged accounts reduce the impact if a user account is compromised.

If you found this article insightful, please consider sharing it with others who may benefit. If you are looking to strengthen your organisation’s cyber security posture, Cube Cyber brings deep experience and a practical, tailored approach to helping businesses understand and manage cyber risk. Learn more about who we are and how we work here.